The concept of product life cycle helps inform business decision-making, from pricing and promotion to expansion or cost-cutting.

System design is the process of defining the components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. System development is the process of creating or altering systems, along with the processes, practices, models, and methodologies used to develop them.

Six Sigma is a data-driven methodology that provides tools and techniques for making business processes more effective and efficient.

Best software design practices have evolved alongside programming languages. Today, all developers should be familiar with abstraction, encapsulation, decomposition, and generalization, which are fundamental principles in object-oriented design.

Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with the transition or transformation of an organization's goals, processes or technologies.

Profit and Loss (P&L) responsibility is one of the most important responsibilities of any executive position. Having P&L responsibility involves monitoring the net income after expenses for a department or entire organization, with direct influence on how company resources are allocated.